C# A Programmer's Introduction

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Preface

© 1992-2005. Deitel & Associates, Inc. All Rights Reserved.

Live in fragments no longer. Only connect.

Edward Morgan Forster

Charlotte Brontë

Welcome to C# and the world of Windows, Internet and World-Wide-Web programming with Visual Studio .NET and the .NET platform! This book is the first in the new Deitel™ Developer Series, which presents leading-edge computing technologies to software developers and IT professionals.

C# (pronounced "C-sharp") was developed by Microsoft expressly for its .NET platform. C# provides the features that are most important to programmers, such as object-oriented programming, graphics, graphical-user-interface (GUI) components, exception handling, multithreading, multimedia (audio, images, animation and video), file processing, prepackaged data structures, database processing, Internet and World-Wide-Web-based multi-tier application development, networking, Web services and distributed computing. The language is appropriate for implementing Internet- and World-Wide-Web-based applications that integrate seamlessly with Windows-based applications.

The .NET platform offers powerful capabilities for software development and deployment, including language and platform independence. For example, developers writing code in any (or several) of the .NET languages (such as C#, Visual Basic .NET and Visual C++ .NET) can contribute components to the same software product. In addition to providing language independence, .NET extends program portability by enabling .NET applications to reside on, and communicate across, multiple platforms. This facilitates the creation and use of Web services, which are applications that expose functionality to clients via the Internet.

The .NET platform enables Web-based applications to be distributed to consumer-electronic devices, such as wireless phones and personal digital assistants (PDAs), as well as to desktop computers. The capabilities that Microsoft has incorporated into the .NET platform increase programmer productivity and decrease development time.

Deitel & Associates, Inc. has several C# publications, intended for various audiences. We provide information on www.deitel.com, here and inside this book’s back cover to help you determine which publication is best for you.

Our first C# book, C# How to Program, was published as part of our How to Program Series, for college and university students. It provides a comprehensive treatment of C# and includes learning aids and extensive ancillary support. C# How to Program assumes that the reader has little or no programming experience. Early chapters focus on fundamental programming principles. The book builds on this to create increasingly complex and sophisticated programs that demonstrate how to use C# to create graphical user interfaces, networking applications, multithreaded applications, Web-based applications and more. We encourage professors and professionals to consider the The Complete C# Training Course. This package includes C# How to Program as well as the C# Multimedia Cyber Classroom, an interactive multimedia CD-ROM that provides extensive e-Learning features. The Complete C# Training Course and C# Multimedia Cyber Classroom are discussed in detail later in this Preface.

This book, C#: A Programmer’s Introduction, is part of the new Deitel™ Developer Series, intended for professional software developers—from novices through experienced programmers. C#: A Programmer’s Introduction is a part of the A Programmer’s Introduction subseries, which is designed for programmers with little (or no) programming experience. The book begins with C# programming fundamentals. The core of C#: A Programmer’s Introduction emphasizes achieving program clarity through the proven techniques of structured programming, object-based programming, object-oriented programming (OOP) and event-driven programming. The book provides a rigorous introduction to programming principles in general and to C# fundamentals, in particular. It continues with brief introductions to upper-level topics such as ASP .NET, ADO .NET and Web services. Unlike the How to Program Series books, the Deitel™ Developer Series books do not include the extensive pedagogic features and ancillary support materials required for academic courses.

Our third C# publication, C# for Experienced Programmers, is also part of the Deitel™ Developer Series. This publication is a part of the For Experienced Programmers subseries, designed for the experienced software developer who wants a deep treatment of a new technology with minimal, if any, introductory material. C# for Experienced Programmers delves deeply into the more sophisticated topics that are introduced briefly in C#: A Programmer’s Introduction. There is considerable overlap between these books.

A fourth publication, ASP .NET with C# for Experienced Programmers, is forthcoming. This book was originally titled Advanced C# for Experienced Programmers.

Each of our C# books presents many complete, working C# programs and depicts their inputs and outputs in actual screen shots of running programs. This is our signature Live-Code™ approach—we present all concepts in the context of complete working programs. Each book’s source code is available free for download at www.deitel.com.

Please examine both the Deitel™ Developer Series professional books and the How to Program Series textbooks to determine which best suits your needs. C#: A Programmer’s Introduction and C# for Experienced Programmers are both derived from C# How to Program. Depending on your particular needs, you should purchase either one or both of these Deitel™ Developer Series books, or C# How to Program.

The C# books in the Deitel™ Developer Series were written after the first edition of C# How to Program. We added to each of these Deitel™ Developer Series books a chapter on the new Microsoft Mobile Internet Toolkit for our readers who wish to develop wireless Internet applications for cell phones, pagers and PDAs. This material will be added to the second edition of C# How to Program.

For a detailed listing of Deitel™ products and services, please see the "advertorial" pages at the back of this book and visit www.deitel.com. Readers may also want to register for our new Deitel™ Buzz Online e-mail newsletter (www.deitel.com/newsletter/subscribe.html), which provides information about our publications, company announcements, links to informative technical articles, programming tips, teaching tips, challenges and anecdotes.

As you proceed, if you would like to communicate with us, please send an e-mail to deitel@deitel.com—we always respond promptly. Please check our Web sites, www.deitel.com, www.prenhall.com/deitel and www.InformIT.com/deitel for frequent updates, errata, FAQs, etc. When sending an e-mail, please include the book’s title and edition number. We sincerely hope that you enjoy learning C# with our publications.

This edition contains many features, including:

C#: A Programmer’s Introduction contains a rich collection of examples that have been tested on Windows 2000 and Windows XP. The book concentrates on the principles of good software engineering and stresses program clarity. We are educators who teach edge-of-the-practice topics in industry classrooms worldwide. We avoid arcane terminology and syntax specifications in favor of teaching by example. The text emphasizes good pedagogy.

We use fonts to distinguish between Visual Studio .NET’s Integrated Development Environment (IDE) features (such as menu names and menu items) and other elements that appear in the IDE. Our convention is to emphasize IDE features in a sans-serif bold Helvetica font (e.g., Project menu) and to emphasize program text in a serif bold Courier font (e.g., bool x = true;).

C#: A Programmer’s Introduction is loaded with numerous Live-Code™ examples. This style exemplifies the way we teach and write about programming and is the focus of our multimedia Cyber Classrooms and Web-based training courses as well. Each new concept is presented in the context of a complete, working example that is followed by one or more windows showing the program’s input/output dialog. We call this method of teaching and writing the Live-Code™ Approach. We use programming languages to teach programming languages. Reading the examples in the text is much like entering and running them on a computer. Readers have the option of downloading all of the book’s code examples from www.deitel.com, under the Downloads/Resources link. Other links provide errata and answers to frequently asked questions.

All of the source code for the examples in C#: A Programmer’s Introduction (and our other publications) is available on the Internet as downloads from the following Web sites:

Registration is quick and easy and these downloads are free. We suggest downloading all the examples, then running each program as you read the corresponding portion of the book. Make changes to the examples and immediately see the effects of those changes— this is a great way to improve your programming skills. Any instructions for running the examples assumes that the user is running Windows 2000 or Windows XP and is using Microsoft’s Internet Information Services (IIS). Additional setup instructions for IIS and other software can be found at our Web sites along with the examples. [Note: This is copyrighted material. Feel free to use it as you study, but you may not republish any portion of it in any form without explicit permission from Prentice Hall and the authors.]

Visual Studio .NET belongs to a family of products that are available for purchase and download from Microsoft. Visual Studio .NET, which includes C#, comes in four different editions—Academic, Professional, Enterprise Developer and Enterprise Architect. Visual Studio .NET Academic contains Visual Studio .NET Professional’s features in addition to features designed for students and professors (e.g., an Assignment Manager that documents assignment submission, Application Publishing Tools that aid in the notification of assignments, code samples and more).

Microsoft also offers stand-alone products (Visual C# .NET Standard, Visual C++ .NET Standard and Visual Basic .NET Standard) for various .NET-languages. Each product provides an integrated development environment (similar to Visual Studio .NET) and a compiler. Visit msdn.microsoft.com/vstudio/howtobuy for descriptions and ordering information.

Each chapter begins with objectives that inform readers of what to expect and gives them an opportunity, after reading the chapter, to determine whether they have met the intended goals. The objectives serve as confidence builders and as a source of positive reinforcement.

The chapter objectives are followed by sets of quotations. Some are humorous, some are philosophical and some offer interesting insights. We have found that readers enjoy relating the quotations to the chapter material. Many of the quotations are worth a "second look" after you read each chapter.

The chapter outline enables readers to approach the material in top-down fashion. Along with the chapter objectives, the outline helps users anticipate topics and set a comfortable and effective learning pace.

We present C# features in the context of complete, working C# programs. The programs range in size from just a few lines of code to substantial examples containing hundreds of lines of code. All examples are available as downloads from our Web site, www.deitel.com.

An abundance of charts, line drawings and program outputs is included. The discussion of control structures, for example, features carefully drawn flowcharts. [Note: We do not teach flowcharting as a program-development tool, but we do use a brief, flowchart-oriented presentation to explain the precise operation of each C# control structure.]

We have included programming tips to help readers focus on important aspects of program development. We highlight hundreds of these tips in the form of Good Programming Practices, Common Programming Errors, Testing and Debugging Tips, Performance Tips, Portability Tips, Software Engineering Observations and Look-and-Feel Observations. These tips and practices represent the best the authors have gleaned from many decades of programming and teaching experience. One of our customers—a mathematics major—told us that she feels this approach is like the highlighting of axioms, theorems and corollaries in mathematics books; it provides a foundation on which to build good software.

Each chapter ends with a summary that helps readers review and reinforce key concepts.

We have included an extensive Index. This resource enables readers to search for any term or concept by keyword. The Index is especially useful to practicing programmers who use the book as a reference.

C#: A Programmer’s Introduction has 152 Live-Code™ examples, which we have "double indexed." For every C# source-code program in the book, we took the file name with the .cs extension, such as ShowColors.cs, and indexed it both alphabetically (in this case, under "S") and as a subindex item under "Examples." This makes it easier to find examples using particular features.

We have prepared an interactive, CD-ROM-based, software version of C# How to Program, called the C# Multimedia Cyber Classroom. This resource, ideal for corporate training and college courses, is loaded with interactive e-learning features. The Cyber Classroom is packaged with the C# How to Program textbook at a discount in The Complete C# Training Course. If you already have that book and would like to purchase the C# Multimedia Cyber Classroom separately, please visit www.InformIT.com/cyberclassrooms. The ISBN number for the C# Multimedia Cyber Classroom is 0-13-064587-7. Many Deitel™ Cyber Classrooms are available in CD-ROM and Web-based training formats.

The CD-ROM provides an introduction in which the authors overview the Cyber Classroom’s features. The textbook’s 204 Live-Code™ example C# programs truly "come alive" in the Cyber Classroom. If you are viewing a program and want to execute it, you simply click the lightning-bolt icon, and the program will run. You immediately will see—and hear, when working with audio-based multimedia programs—the program’s output. Click the audio icon, and one of the authors will discuss the program and "walk you through" the code.

The Cyber Classroom also provides navigational aids, including extensive hyperlinking. The Cyber Classroom is browser based, so it remembers sections that you have visited recently and allows you to move forward or backward among those sections. The thousands of index entries are hyperlinked to their text occurrences. Furthermore, when you key in a term using the "find" feature, the Cyber Classroom will locate occurrences of that term throughout the text. The Table of Contents entries are "hot," so clicking a chapter name takes you immediately to that chapter.

Readers like the fact that solutions to approximately half the exercises in C# How to Program are included with the Cyber Classroom. Studying and running these extra programs is a great way for readers to enhance their learning experience.

Professionals and student users of our Cyber Classrooms tell us that they like the interactivity and that the Cyber Classroom is an effective reference due to its extensive hyperlinking and other navigational features. We received an e-mail from a reader who said he lives "in the boonies" and cannot attend a live course at a university, so the Cyber Classroom provided an ideal solution to his educational needs.

Professors tell us that their students enjoy using the Cyber Classroom and spend more time on the courses and master more of the material than in textbook-only courses. For a complete list of the available and forthcoming Cyber Classrooms and Complete Training Courses, see the Deitel™ Series page at the beginning of this book, the product listing and ordering information at the end of this book or visit www.deitel.com, www.prenhall.com/deitel or www.InformIT.com/deitel.

Wireless devices will play an enormous role in the future of the Internet. Given recent bandwidth enhancements and the emergence of 2.5 and 3G wireless technologies, it is projected that, within two years, more people will access the Internet through wireless devices than through desktop computers. Deitel & Associates, Inc., is committed to wireless accessibility and has recently published Wireless Internet & Mobile Business How to Program. To fulfill the needs of a wide range of customers, we are developing our content in traditional print formats and in new electronic formats, such as e-books, so that readers can access content virtually anytime, anywhere. Visit www.deitel.com for periodic updates on all Deitel technology initiatives.

Deitel & Associates, Inc., is partnering with Prentice Hall’s parent company, Pearson PLC, and its information technology Web site, InformIT.com, to launch the Deitel e-Matter series at www.InformIT.com/deitel in Fall 2002. The Deitel e-Matter series will provide professionals with an additional source of information on specific programming topics at modest prices. e-Matter consists of stand-alone sections taken from published texts, forthcoming texts or pieces written during the Deitel research-and-development process. Developing e-Matter based on pre-publication manuscripts allows us to offer significant amounts of the material well before our books are published.

We are working with Prentice Hall to integrate our How to Program Series courseware into four series of Course Management Systems-based products: WebCT, Blackboard™, CourseCompass and Premium CourseCompass. These enable instructors to create, manage and use sophisticated Web-based educational programs. Course Management Systems feature course customization (such as posting contact information, policies, syllabi, announcements, assignments, grades, performance evaluations and progress tracking), class and student management tools, a grade book, reporting tools, communication tools (such as chat rooms), a whiteboard, document sharing, bulletin boards and more. Instructors can use these products to communicate with their students, create online quizzes and exams from questions directly linked to the text and efficiently grade and track test results. For more information about these upcoming products, visit www.prenhall.com/cms. For demonstrations of existing WebCT, Blackboard and CourseCompass course materials, visit http://cms.prenhall.com/webct, cms.prenhall.com/blackboard and cms.prenhall.com/coursecompass, respectively.

Deitel & Associates, Inc., contributes articles to the free InformIT weekly e-mail newsletter, subscribed to by more than 750,000 IT professionals worldwide. For registration information, visit www.InformIT.com and click the MyInformIT tab.

Our own free newsletter, the Deitel™ Buzz Online, includes commentary on industry trends and developments, links to articles and resources from our published books and upcoming publications, product-release schedules, challenges, anecdotes and more. For registration information, visit www.deitel.com/newsletter/subscribe.html.

Deitel & Associates, Inc., is making a major commitment to .NET programming through the launch of our Deitel™ Developer Series. C#: A Programmer’s Introduction, C# for Experienced Programmers, Visual Basic .NET for Experienced Programmers and Visual C++ .NET for Experienced Programmers are the first .NET books in this new series. These will be followed by several advanced books, beginning with ASP .NET with Visual Basic .NET for Experienced Programmers and ASP .NET with C# for Experienced Programmers.

The Deitel™ Developer Series is divided into three subseries. The A Technical Introduction subseries provides IT managers and developers with detailed overviews of emerging technologies. The A Programmer’s Introduction subseries is designed to teach the fundamentals of new languages and software technologies to developers from the ground up. These books discuss programming fundamentals, followed by brief introductions to more sophisticated topics. Finally, the For Experienced Programmers subseries is designed for seasoned developers seeking to learn new programming languages and technologies without the encumbrance of introductory material. The books in this subseries move quickly to in-depth coverage of the intermediate features of the programming languages and software technologies being covered.

Our forthcoming publication ASP .NET with C# for Experienced Programmers (available in 2003) is geared toward experienced .NET developers. This new book will cover enterprise-level Web-programming topics, including: Creating multi-tier, database intensive ASP .NET applications using ADO .NET and XML; constructing custom Web controls and developing Web services. This book also will include configuration and security topics. Updates on the status of this publication are posted at www.deitel.com. Before reading this book you should be familiar with C# at the level of either C# How to Program or C# for Experienced Programmers.

One of the great pleasures of writing a book is acknowledging the efforts of many people whose names may not appear on the cover, but whose hard work, cooperation, friendship and understanding were crucial to the production of the book. Because this publication has been derived from C# How to Program, we would like to acknowledge those who have helped us with both publications.

Many other people at Deitel & Associates, Inc., devoted long hours to this project. Below is a list of our full-time employees who contributed to this publication:

Sean E. Santry

Matthew R. Kowalewski

Jonathan Gadzik

Kyle Lomelí

Lauren Trees

Rashmi Jayaprakash

Laura Treibick

Betsy DuWaldt

Barbara Deitel

Abbey Deitel

We would also like to thank the participants in the Deitel & Associates, Inc., College Internship Program who contributed to this publication.

Jeffrey Hamm (Northeastern)

Kalid Azad (Princeton)

Christopher Cassa (Massachusetts Institute of Technology)

David Tuttle (Harvard)

Thiago Lucas da Silva (Northeastern)

Ori Schwartz (Boston University)

Elizabeth Rockett (Princeton)

Barbara Strauss (Brandeis)

Christina Carney (Framingham State)

Brian Foster (Northeastern)

Mike Preshman (Northeastern)

We are fortunate to have been able to work with the talented and dedicated team of publishing professionals at Prentice Hall. We especially appreciate the extraordinary efforts of our editors, Petra Recter and Karen McLean of Prentice Hall and PH/PTR, respectively and Michael Ruel, who managed the extraordinary review processes for our Deitel™ Developer Series C# publications. We would also like to thank Mark L. Taub, Editor-in-Chief for computer publications at PH/PTR, for conceptualizing the Deitel™ Developer Series. He provided the necessary environment and resources to help us generate the many books in this series. A special note of appreciation goes to Marcia Horton, Editor-in-Chief of Engineering and Computer Science at Prentice Hall. Marcia has been our mentor and our friend for 18 years at Prentice Hall. She is responsible for all aspects of Deitel publications at all Pearson divisions including Prentice Hall, PH/PTR and Pearson International.

Laura Treibick, the Director of Multimedia at Deitel & Associates, Inc., designed the cover. Tamara Newnam (smart_art@earthlink.net) carried the cover through to completion, and produced the art work for our programming-tip icons.

We wish to acknowledge the efforts of our first- and second-round reviewers. Adhering to a tight time schedule, these reviewers scrutinized the text and the programs, providing countless suggestions for improving the accuracy and completeness of the presentation. We sincerely appreciate the time these people took from their busy professional schedules to help us ensure the quality, accuracy and timeliness of this book.

Hussein Abuthuraya (Microsoft)

Lars Bergstrom (Microsoft)

Indira Dhingra (Microsoft)

Eric Gunnerson (Microsoft)

Peter Hallam (Microsoft)

Habib Hegdarian (Microsoft)

Anson Horton (Microsoft)

Latha Lakshminarayanan (Microsoft)

Kerry Loynd (Microsoft)

Tom McDade (Microsoft)

Syed Mehdi (Microsoft)

Shanku Niyogi (Microsoft)

Cosmin Radu (Microsoft)

Paul Randal (Microsoft)

Ratta Rakshminarayana (Microsoft)

Imtiaz Syed (Microsoft)

Ed Thornburg (Microsoft)

Richard Van Fossen (Microsoft)

Dharmesh Chauhan (Microsoft Consultant, Singapore)

Rishabh Agarwal (Delteq Systems Pte. Ltd.)

José Antonio González Seco (Sadiel S.A.)

Paul Bohman (WebAIM)

Alex Bondarev (SureFire Commerce, Inc.)

Ron Braithwaite (Nutriware)

Filip Bulovic (Objectronics PTY Ltd.)

Mark Burhop (University of Cincinnati)

Carl Burnham (Southpoint)

Matt Butler (Oakscape Inc.)

Andrew Chau (Rich Solutions, Inc.)

Shyam Chebrolu (SAIC Broadway & Seymour Group)

Kunal Cheda (DotNetExtreme.com)

Edmund Chou (MIT Student, www.devhood.com project, Microsoft Intern)

James Chegwidden (Tarrant County College)

Vijay Cinnakonda (University of Toledo)

Michael Colynuck (Sierra Systems)

Jay Cook (Canon Development Americas)

Jeff Cowan (Magenic Technologies)

Robert Dombroski (AccessOnTime)

Shaun Eagan (Eagan Consulting)

Brian Erwin (Extreme Logic)

Hamilton Fong (Montag & Caldwell, Inc.)

Gnanavel Gnana Arun Ganesh (Arun Microsystems)

Sam Gentile (Consultant)

Sam Gill (San Francisco State University)

John Godel (TJX)

David Haglin (Minnesota State University in Mankato)

James Huddleston (IBM)

Jeff Isom (WebAIM)

Rex Jaeschke (Consultant)

Amit Kalani (MobiCast)

Priti Kalani (Consultant)

Bryan Keller (csharphelp.com)

Patrick Lam (EdgeNet Communications)

Yi-Fung Lin (MIT Student, www.devhood.com project, Microsoft Intern)

Maxim Loukianov (SoloMio Corporation)

Gaurav Mantro (EDS PLM Solutions)

Jaimon Mathew (Osprey Software Technology)

Robert Meagher (Compuware NuMega Lab)

Arun Nair (iSpan Technologies)

Saurabh Nandu (Mastercsharp.com)

Simon North (Synopsys)

Jibin Pan (csharpcorner.com)

Graham Parker (VBUG)

Bryan Plaster (Valtech)

Chris Rausch (Sheridan Press)

Debbie Reid (Santa Fe Community College)

Bryn Rhodes (Softwise, Inc.)

Craig Schofding (C.A.S. Training)

Rahul Sharma (Maxutil Software)

Devan Shepherd (XMaLpha Technologies)

Srinivasa Sivakumar (Equity Office)

David Talbot (Reallinx, Inc.)

Satish Talim (Pune-Csharp)

Pavel Tsekov (Consultant)

John Varghese (UBS Warburg)

Peter Weng (MIT Student, www.devhood.com project, Microsoft Intern)

Jesse Wilkins (Metalinear Media)

Warren Wiltsie (Fairleigh Dickinson University/Seton Hall University)

Phil Wright (Crownwood Consulting Ltd.)

Norimasa Yoshida (MIT Graduate Student)

We would sincerely appreciate your comments, criticisms, corrections and suggestions for improving the book. Please address all correspondence to:

We will respond promptly.

Well, that’s it for now. Welcome to the exciting world of C# programming. We hope you enjoy this introductory look at Microsoft’s premier .NET language. Good luck!

Dr. Harvey M. Deitel, Chairman and Chief Strategy Officer of Deitel & Associates, Inc., has 41 years experience in the computing field, including extensive industry and academic experience. Dr. Deitel earned B.S. and M.S. degrees from the Massachusetts Institute of Technology and a Ph.D. from Boston University. He worked on the pioneering virtual-memory operating-systems projects at IBM and MIT that developed techniques now widely implemented in systems such as Unix, Linux™ and Windows XP. He has 20 years of college teaching experience, including earning tenure and serving as the Chairman of the Computer Science Department at Boston College before founding Deitel & Associates, Inc., with his son, Paul J. Deitel. He is the author or co-author of several dozen books and multimedia packages and is writing many more. With translations published in Japanese, Russian, Spanish, Traditional Chinese, Simplified Chinese, Korean, French, Polish, Italian, Portuguese and Greek, Dr. Deitel’s texts have earned international recognition. Dr. Deitel has delivered professional seminars to major corporations, and to government organizations and various branches of the military.

Paul J. Deitel, CEO and Chief Technical Officer of Deitel & Associates, Inc., is a graduate of the Massachusetts Institute of Technology’s Sloan School of Management, where he studied Information Technology. Through Deitel & Associates, Inc., he has delivered Java, C, C++ and Internet and World Wide Web programming courses to industry clients including Compaq, Sun Microsystems, White Sands Missile Range, Rogue Wave Software, Boeing, Dell, Stratus, Fidelity, Cambridge Technology Partners, Open Environment Corporation, One Wave, Hyperion Software, Lucent Technologies, Adra Systems, Entergy, CableData Systems, NASA at the Kennedy Space Center, the National Severe Storms Laboratory, IBM and many other organizations. He has lectured on C++ and Java for the Boston Chapter of the Association for Computing Machinery and has taught satellite-based Java courses through a cooperative venture of Deitel & Associates, Inc., Prentice Hall and the Technology Education Network. He and his father, Dr. Harvey M. Deitel, are the world’s best-selling programming language textbook authors.

Tem R. Nieto, Director of Product Development of Deitel & Associates, Inc., is a graduate of the Massachusetts Institute of Technology, where he studied engineering and computing. Through Deitel & Associates, Inc., he has delivered courses for industry clients including Sun Microsystems, Compaq, EMC, Stratus, Fidelity, NASDAQ, Art Technology, Progress Software, Toys "R" Us, Operational Support Facility of the National Oceanographic and Atmospheric Administration, Jet Propulsion Laboratory, Nynex, Motorola, Federal Reserve Bank of Chicago, Banyan, Schlumberger, University of Notre Dame, NASA, Hewlett-Packard, various military installations and many others. He has co-authored numerous books and multimedia packages with the Deitels and has contributed to virtually every Deitel & Associates, Inc., publication.

Cheryl H. Yaeger, Director of Microsoft Software Publications with Deitel & Associates, Inc., graduated from Boston University in three years with a bachelor's degree in Computer Science. Cheryl has co-authored various Deitel & Associates publications, including C# How to Program, C#: A Programmer’s Introduction, C# for Experienced Programmers and Visual Basic .NET for Experienced Programmers as well as contributed to other Deitel publications including Perl How to Program, Wireless Internet & Mobile Business How to Program, Internet and World Wide Web How to Program, Second Edition and Visual Basic .NET How to Program, Second Edition.

Marina Zlatkina graduated from Brandeis University in three years with degrees in Computer Science and Mathematics, and in her fourth year earned a Master of Arts in Computer Science. During her Brandeis career, she conducted research in databases and has been a teaching assistant. Marina co-authored C# How to Program, C#: A Programmer’s Introduction and C# for Experienced Programmers, and contributed to another Deitel publication, e-Business & e-Commerce for Managers.

Jeff A. Listfield is a Computer Science graduate of Harvard College. His coursework included classes in computer graphics, networks and computational theory and he has programming experience in C, C++, Java, Perl and Lisp. Jeff has co-authored C# How to Program, C#: A Programmer’s Introduction and C# for Experienced Programmers, and contributed to Perl How to Program.

Deitel & Associates, Inc., is an internationally recognized corporate instructor-led training and content-creation organization specializing in Internet/World Wide Web software technology, e-business/e-commerce software technology, object technology and computer programming languages education. The company provides courses in Internet and World Wide Web programming, wireless Internet programming, Web services (in both Java and .NET languages), object technology, and major programming languages and platforms, such as Visual Basic .NET, C#, Visual C++ .NET, Java, Advanced Java, C, C++, XML, Perl, Python, ASP .NET, ADO .NET and more. Deitel & Associates, Inc., was founded by Dr. Harvey M. Deitel and Paul J. Deitel, the world’s leading programming-language textbook authors. The company’s clients include many of the largest computer companies, government agencies, branches of the military and business organizations. Through its 25-year publishing partnership with Prentice Hall, Deitel & Associates, Inc., publishes leading-edge programming textbooks, professional books, interactive CD-ROM-based multimedia Cyber Classrooms, Complete Training Courses, e-books, e-matter, Web-based training courses and course management systems e-content. Deitel & Associates, Inc., and the authors can be reached via e-mail at:

To learn more about Deitel & Associates, Inc., its publications and its worldwide corporate on-site curriculum, see the last few pages of this book or visit:

Individuals wishing to purchase Deitel books, Cyber Classrooms, Complete Training Courses and Web-based training courses can do so through bookstores, online booksellers and:

Bulk orders by corporations and academic institutions should be placed directly with Prentice Hall. See the last few pages of this book for worldwide ordering details. To follow the Deitel publishing program, please register at

Deitel & Associates, Inc., is a member of the World Wide Web Consortium (W3C). The W3C was founded in 1994 "to develop common protocols for the evolution of the World Wide Web." As a W3C member, Deitel & Associates, Inc., holds a seat on the W3C Advisory Committee (the company’s representative is our CEO and Chief Technology Officer, Paul Deitel). Advisory Committee members help provide "strategic direction" to the W3C through meetings held around the world. Member organizations also help develop standards recommendations for Web technologies (such as XHTML, XML and many others) through participation in W3C activities and groups. Membership in the W3C is intended for companies and large organizations. To obtain information on becoming a member of the W3C visit www.w3.org/Consortium/Prospectus/Joining.

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