Preface xxii
Before You Begin l
1 Introduction to Computers, the Internet and the World Wide Web 1
1.1 Introduction 2
1.2 What Is a Computer? 4
1.3 Computer Organization 4
1.4 Early Operating Systems 5
1.5 Personal, Distributed and Client/Server Computing 6
1.6 The Internet and the World Wide Web 6
1.7 Web 2.0 7
1.8 Machine Languages, Assembly Languages and High-Level Languages 8
1.9 History of C and C++ 9
1.10 C++ Standard Library 10
1.11 History of Java 11
1.12 Fortran, COBOL, Pascal and Ada 11
1.13 BASIC, Visual Basic, Visual C++, C# and .NET 12
1.14 Key Software Trend: Object Technology 13
1.15 Typical C++ Development Environment 14
1.16 Notes About C++ and C++ How to Program, 6/e 16
1.17 Test-Driving a C++ Application 17
1.18 Software Technologies 23
1.19 Game Programming with the Ogre Libraries 24
1.20 Future of C++: Open Source Boost Libraries, TR1 and C++0x 25
1.21 Software Engineering Case Study: Introduction to Object Technology and the UML 25
1.22 Wrap-Up 30
1.23 Web Resources 31
2 Introduction to C++ Programming 43
2.1 Introduction 44
2.2 First Program in C++: Printing a Line of Text 44
2.3 Modifying Our First C++ Program 48
2.4 Another C++ Program: Adding Integers 49
2.5 Memory Concepts 53
2.6 Arithmetic 55
2.7 Decision Making: Equality and Relational Operators 58
2.8 (Optional) Software Engineering Case Study: Examining the ATM Requirements Specification 63
2.9 Wrap-Up 72
3 Introduction to Classes and Objects 81
3.1 Introduction 82
3.2 Classes, Objects, Member Functions and Data Members 82
3.3 Overview of the Chapter Examples 84
3.4 Defining a Class with a Member Function 84
3.5 Defining a Member Function with a Parameter 88
3.6 Data Members, set Functions and get Functions 91
3.7 Initializing Objects with Constructors 98
3.8 Placing a Class in a Separate File for Reusability 102
3.9 Separating Interface from Implementation 106
3.10 Validating Data with set Functions 112
3.11 (Optional) Software Engineering Case Study: Identifying the Classes in the ATM Requirements Specification 117
3.12 Wrap-Up 125
4 Control Statements: Part 1 131
4.1 Introduction 132
4.2 Algorithms 132
4.3 Pseudocode 133
4.4 Control Structures 134
4.5 if Selection Statement 138
4.6 if…else Double-Selection Statement 139
4.7 while Repetition Statement 144
4.8 Formulating Algorithms: Counter-Controlled Repetition 146
4.9 Formulating Algorithms: Sentinel-Controlled Repetition 152
4.10 Formulating Algorithms: Nested Control Statements 163
4.11 Assignment Operators 169
4.12 Increment and Decrement Operators 169
4.13 (Optional) Software Engineering Case Study: Identifying Class Attributes in the ATM System 173
4.14 Wrap-Up 177
5 Control Statements: Part 2 192
5.1 Introduction 193
5.2 Essentials of Counter-Controlled Repetition 193
5.3 for Repetition Statement 195
5.4 Examples Using the for Statement 200
5.5 do…while Repetition Statement 204
5.6 switch Multiple-Selection Statement 206
5.7 break and continue Statements 216
5.8 Logical Operators 218
5.9 Confusing the Equality (==) and Assignment (=) Operators 222
5.10 Structured Programming Summary 223
5.11 (Optional) Software Engineering Case Study: Identifying Objects’ States and Activities in the ATM System 228
5.12 Wrap-Up 233
6 Functions and an Introduction to Recursion 244
6.1 Introduction 245
6.2 Program Components in C++ 246
6.3 Math Library Functions 247
6.4 Function Definitions with Multiple Parameters 249
6.5 Function Prototypes and Argument Coercion 254
6.6 C++ Standard Library Header Files 256
6.7 Case Study: Random Number Generation 258
6.8 Case Study: Game of Chance; Introducing enum 264
6.9 Storage Classes 268
6.10 Scope Rules 271
6.11 Function Call Stack and Activation Records 274
6.12 Functions with Empty Parameter Lists 278
6.13 Inline Functions 279
6.14 References and Reference Parameters 281
6.15 Default Arguments 286
6.16 Unary Scope Resolution Operator 288
6.17 Function Overloading 289
6.18 Function Templates 292
6.19 Recursion 294
6.20 Example Using Recursion: Fibonacci Series 298
6.21 Recursion vs. Iteration 301
6.22 (Optional) Software Engineering Case Study: Identifying Class Operations in the ATM System 304
6.23 Wrap-Up 311
7 Arrays and Vectors 333
7.1 Introduction 334
7.2 Arrays 335
7.3 Declaring Arrays 337
7.4 Examples Using Arrays 337
7.4.1 Declaring an Array and Using a Loop to Initialize the Array’s Elements 337
7.4.2 Initializing an Array in a Declaration with an Initializer List 338
7.4.3 Specifying an Array’s Size with a Constant Variable and Setting Array Elements with Calculations 340
7.4.4 Summing the Elements of an Array 342
7.4.5 Using Bar Charts to Display Array Data Graphically 343
7.4.6 Using the Elements of an Array as Counters 345
7.4.7 Using Arrays to Summarize Survey Results 346
7.4.8 Using Character Arrays to Store and Manipulate Strings 349
7.4.9 Static Local Arrays and Automatic Local Arrays 351
7.5 Passing Arrays to Functions 354
7.6 Case Study: Class GradeBook Using an Array to Store Grades 358
7.7 Searching Arrays with Linear Search 365
7.8 Sorting Arrays with Insertion Sort 366
7.9 Multidimensional Arrays 369
7.10 Case Study: Class GradeBook Using a Two-Dimensional Array 372
7.11 Introduction to C++ Standard Library Class Template vector 379
7.12 (Optional) Software Engineering Case Study: Collaboration Among Objects in the ATM System 384
7.13 Wrap-Up 391
8 Pointers and Pointer-Based Strings 408
8.1 Introduction 409
8.2 Pointer Variable Declarations and Initialization 410
8.3 Pointer Operators 411
8.4 Passing Arguments to Functions by Reference with Pointers 414
8.5 Using const with Pointers 418
8.6 Selection Sort Using Pass-by-Reference 425
8.7 sizeof Operator 428
8.8 Pointer Expressions and Pointer Arithmetic 431
8.9 Relationship Between Pointers and Arrays 434
8.10 Arrays of Pointers 438
8.11 Case Study: Card Shuffling and Dealing Simulation 439
8.12 Function Pointers 445
8.13 Introduction to Pointer-Based String Processing 450
8.13.1 Fundamentals of Characters and Pointer-Based Strings 451
8.13.2 String-Manipulation Functions of the String-Handling Library 453
8.14 Wrap-Up 461
9 Classes: A Deeper Look, Part 1 487
9.1 Introduction 488
9.2 Time Class Case Study 489
9.3 Class Scope and Accessing Class Members 494
9.4 Separating Interface from Implementation 496
9.5 Access Functions and Utility Functions 498
9.6 Time Class Case Study: Constructors with Default Arguments 500
9.7 Destructors 506
9.8 When Constructors and Destructors Are Called 507
9.9 Time Class Case Study: A Subtle Trap—Returning a Reference to a private Data Member 510
9.10 Default Memberwise Assignment 513
9.11 (Optional) Software Engineering Case Study: Starting to Program the Classes of the ATM System 515
9.12 Wrap-Up 523
10 Classes: A Deeper Look, Part 2 530
10.1 Introduction 531
10.2 const (Constant) Objects and const Member Functions 531
10.3 Composition: Objects as Members of Classes 541
10.4 friend Functions and friend Classes 548
10.5 Using the this Pointer 552
10.6 Dynamic Memory Management with Operators new and delete 557
10.7 static Class Members 559
10.8 Data Abstraction and Information Hiding 565
10.8.1 Example: Array Abstract Data Type 566
10.8.2 Example: String Abstract Data Type 567
10.8.3 Example: Queue Abstract Data Type 567
10.9 Container Classes and Iterators 568
10.10 Proxy Classes 568
10.11 Wrap-Up 572
11 Operator Overloading; String and Array Objects 578
11.1 Introduction 579
11.2 Fundamentals of Operator Overloading 580
11.3 Restrictions on Operator Overloading 581
11.4 Operator Functions as Class Members vs. Global Functions 583
11.5 Overloading Stream Insertion and Stream Extraction Operators 584
11.6 Overloading Unary Operators 588
11.7 Overloading Binary Operators 588
11.8 Case Study: Array Class 589
11.9 Converting between Types 601
11.10 Case Study: String Class 602
11.11 Overloading ++ and -- 614
11.12 Case Study: A Date Class 616
11.13 Standard Library Class string 620
11.14 explicit Constructors 624
11.15 Wrap-Up 628
12 Object-Oriented Programming: Inheritance 640
12.1 Introduction 641
12.2 Base Classes and Derived Classes 642
12.3 protected Members 645
12.4 Relationship between Base Classes and Derived Classes 645
12.4.1 Creating and Using a CommissionEmployee Class 646
12.4.2 Creating a BasePlusCommissionEmployee Class Without Using Inheritance 651
12.4.3 Creating a CommissionEmployee–BasePlusCommissionEmployee Inheritance Hierarchy 657
12.4.4 CommissionEmployee–BasePlusCommissionEmployee Inheritance Hierarchy Using protected Data 662
12.4.5 CommissionEmployee–BasePlusCommissionEmployee Inheritance Hierarchy Using private Data 669
12.5 Constructors and Destructors in Derived Classes 677
12.6 public, protected and private Inheritance 685
12.7 Software Engineering with Inheritance 685
12.8 Wrap-Up 687
13 Object-Oriented Programming: Polymorphism 693
13.1 Introduction 694
13.2 Polymorphism Examples 696
13.3 Relationships Among Objects in an Inheritance Hierarchy 697
13.3.1 Invoking Base-Class Functions from Derived-Class Objects 697
13.3.2 Aiming Derived-Class Pointers at Base-Class Objects 705
13.3.3 Derived-Class Member-Function Calls via Base-Class Pointers 706
13.3.4 Virtual Functions 708
13.3.5 Summary of the Allowed Assignments Between Base-Class and Derived-Class Objects and Pointers 714
13.4 Type Fields and switch Statements 715
13.5 Abstract Classes and Pure virtual Functions 715
13.6 Case Study: Payroll System Using Polymorphism 717
13.6.1 Creating Abstract Base Class Employee 719
13.6.2 Creating Concrete Derived Class SalariedEmployee 722
13.6.3 Creating Concrete Derived Class HourlyEmployee 724
13.6.4 Creating Concrete Derived Class CommissionEmployee 727
13.6.5 Creating Indirect Concrete Derived Class BasePlusCommissionEmployee 729
13.6.6 Demonstrating Polymorphic Processing 731
13.7 (Optional) Polymorphism, Virtual Functions and Dynamic Binding “Under the Hood” 735
13.8 Case Study: Payroll System Using Polymorphism and Runtime Type Information with Downcasting, dynamic_cast, typeid and type_info 739
13.9 Virtual Destructors 742
13.10 (Optional) Software Engineering Case Study: Incorporating Inheritance into the ATM System 743
13.11 Wrap-Up 751
14 Templates 756
14.1 Introduction 757
14.2 Function Templates 758
14.3 Overloading Function Templates 761
14.4 Class Templates 761
14.5 Nontype Parameters and Default Types for Class Templates 768
14.6 Notes on Templates and Inheritance 769
14.7 Notes on Templates and Friends 769
14.8 Notes on Templates and static Members 770
14.9 Wrap-Up 771
15 Stream Input/Output 776
15.1 Introduction 777
15.2 Streams 778
15.2.1 Classic Streams vs. Standard Streams 779
15.2.2 iostream Library Header Files 779
15.2.3 Stream Input/Output Classes and Objects 779
15.3 Stream Output 782
15.3.1 Output of char * Variables 782
15.3.2 Character Output Using Member Function put 782
15.4 Stream Input 783
15.4.1 get and getline Member Functions 784
15.4.2 istream Member Functions peek, putback and ignore 787
15.4.3 Type-Safe I/O 787
15.5 Unformatted I/O Using read, write and gcount 787
15.6 Introduction to Stream Manipulators 788
15.6.1 Integral Stream Base: dec, oct, hex and setbase 789
15.6.2 Floating-Point Precision (precision, setprecision) 790
15.6.3 Field Width (width, setw) 791
15.6.4 User-Defined Output Stream Manipulators 793
15.7 Stream Format States and Stream Manipulators 794
15.7.1 Trailing Zeros and Decimal Points (showpoint) 795
15.7.2 Justification (left, right and internal) 796
15.7.3 Padding (fill, setfill) 798
15.7.4 Integral Stream Base (dec, oct, hex, showbase) 799
15.7.5 Floating-Point Numbers; Scientific and Fixed Notation (scientific, fixed) 800
15.7.6 Uppercase/Lowercase Control (uppercase) 800
15.7.7 Specifying Boolean Format (boolalpha) 802
15.7.8 Setting and Resetting the Format State via Member Function flags 803
15.8 Stream Error States 804
15.9 Tying an Output Stream to an Input Stream 807
15.10 Wrap-Up 807
16 Exception Handling 817
16.1 Introduction 818
16.2 Exception-Handling Overview 819
16.3 Example: Handling an Attempt to Divide by Zero 819
16.4 When to Use Exception Handling 825
16.5 Rethrowing an Exception 826
16.6 Exception Specifications 828
16.7 Processing Unexpected Exceptions 829
16.8 Stack Unwinding 829
16.9 Constructors, Destructors and Exception Handling 831
16.10 Exceptions and Inheritance 832
16.11 Processing new Failures 832
16.12 Class auto_ptr and Dynamic Memory Allocation 836
16.13 Standard Library Exception Hierarchy 839
16.14 Other Error-Handling Techniques 840
16.15 Wrap-Up 841
17 File Processing 848
17.1 Introduction 849
17.2 Data Hierarchy 849
17.3 Files and Streams 851
17.4 Creating a Sequential File 852
17.5 Reading Data from a Sequential File 856
17.6 Updating Sequential Files 863
17.7 Random-Access Files 863
17.8 Creating a Random-Access File 864
17.9 Writing Data Randomly to a Random-Access File 869
17.10 Reading from a Random-Access File Sequentially 871
17.11 Case Study: A Transaction-Processing Program 874
17.12 Overview of Object Serialization 881
17.13 Wrap-Up 881
18 Class string and String Stream Processing 893
18.1 Introduction 894
18.2 string Assignment and Concatenation 895
18.3 Comparing strings 897
18.4 Substrings 900
18.5 Swapping strings 901
18.6 string Characteristics 902
18.7 Finding Substrings and Characters in a string 904
18.8 Replacing Characters in a string 906
18.9 Inserting Characters into a string 908
18.10 Conversion to C-Style Pointer-Based char * Strings 909
18.11 Iterators 911
18.12 String Stream Processing 912
18.13 Wrap-Up 915
19 Searching and Sorting 922
19.1 Introduction 923
19.2 Searching Algorithms 923
19.2.1 Efficiency of Linear Search 923
19.2.2 Binary Search 925
19.3 Sorting Algorithms 931
19.3.1 Efficiency of Selection Sort 931
19.3.2 Efficiency of Insertion Sort 931
19.3.3 Merge Sort (A Recursive Implementation) 932
19.4 Wrap-Up 939
20 Data Structures 945
20.1 Introduction 946
20.2 Self-Referential Classes 947
20.3 Dynamic Memory Allocation and Data Structures 948
20.4 Linked Lists 948
20.5 Stacks 963
20.6 Queues 968
20.7 Trees 972
20.8 Wrap-Up 980
21 Bits, Characters, C Strings and structs 1004
21.1 Introduction 1005
21.2 Structure Definitions 1005
21.3 Initializing Structures 1008
21.4 Using Structures with Functions 1008
21.5 typedef 1008
21.6 Example: High-Performance Card Shuffling and Dealing Simulation 1009
21.7 Bitwise Operators 1012
21.8 Bit Fields 1021
21.9 Character-Handling Library 1025
21.10 Pointer-Based String-Conversion Functions 1031
21.11 Search Functions of the Pointer-Based String-Handling Library 1036
21.12 Memory Functions of the Pointer-Based String-Handling Library 1041
21.13 Wrap-Up 1046
22 Standard Template Library (STL) 1057
22.1 Introduction to the Standard Template Library (STL) 1059
22.1.1 Introduction to Containers 1060
22.1.2 Introduction to Iterators 1064
22.1.3 Introduction to Algorithms 1069
22.2 Sequence Containers 1071
22.2.1 vector Sequence Container 1072
22.2.2 list Sequence Container 1080
22.2.3 deque Sequence Container 1083
22.3 Associative Containers 1085
22.3.1 multiset Associative Container 1086
22.3.2 set Associative Container 1089
22.3.3 multimap Associative Container 1090
22.3.4 map Associative Container 1092
22.4 Container Adapters 1094
22.4.1 stack Adapter 1094
22.4.2 queue Adapter 1096
22.4.3 priority_queue Adapter 1098
22.5 Algorithms 1099
22.5.1 fill, fill_n, generate and generate_n 1100
22.5.2 equal, mismatch and lexicographical_compare 1101
22.5.3 remove, remove_if, remove_copy and remove_copy_if 1104
22.5.4 replace, replace_if, replace_copy and replace_copy_if 1106
22.5.5 Mathematical Algorithms 1109
22.5.6 Basic Searching and Sorting Algorithms 1112
22.5.7 swap, iter_swap and swap_ranges 1114
22.5.8 copy_backward, merge, unique and reverse 1116
22.5.9 inplace_merge, unique_copy and reverse_copy 1118
22.5.10 Set Operations 1120
22.5.11 lower_bound, upper_bound and equal_range 1123
22.5.12 Heapsort 1125
22.5.13 min and max 1128
22.5.14 STL Algorithms Not Covered in This Chapter 1128
22.6 Class bitset 1130
22.7 Function Objects 1134
22.8 Wrap-Up 1137
22.9 STL Web Resources 1138
23 Game Programming with Ogre 1148
23.1 Introduction 1149
23.2 Installing Ogre, OgreAL and OpenAL 1149
23.3 Basics of Game Programming 1149
23.4 The Game of Pong: Code Walkthrough 1152
23.4.1 Ogre Initialization 1153
23.4.2 Creating a Scene 1162
23.4.3 Adding to the Scene 1164
23.4.4 Animation and Timers 1175
23.4.5 User Input 1176
23.4.6 Collision Detection 1178
23.4.7 Sound 1184
23.4.8 Resources 1185
23.4.9 Pong Driver 1185
23.5 Wrap-Up 1186
23.6 Ogre Web Resources 1187
24 Boost Libraries, Technical Report 1 and C++0x 1197
24.1 Introduction 1198
24.2 Deitel Online C++ and Related Resource Centers 1198
24.3 Boost Libraries 1199
24.4 Adding a New Library to Boost 1199
24.5 Installing the Boost Libraries 1200
24.6 Boost Libraries in Technical Report 1 (TR1) 1200
24.7 Regular Expressions with the Boost.Regex Library 1203
24.7.1 Regular Expression Example 1204
24.7.2 Validating User Input with Regular Expressions 1206
24.7.3 Replacing and Splitting Strings 1209
24.8 Smart Pointers with Boost.Smart_ptr 1212
24.8.1 Reference Counted shared_ptr 1212
24.8.2 weak_ptr: shared_ptr Observer 1217
24.9 Technical Report 1 1223
24.10 C++0x 1224
24.11 Core Language Changes 1224
24.12 Wrap-Up 1229
25 Other Topics 1238
25.1 Introduction 1239
25.2 const_cast Operator 1239
25.3 namespaces 1241
25.4 Operator Keywords 1245
25.5 mutable Class Members 1247
25.6 Pointers to Class Members (.* and ->*) 1249
25.7 Multiple Inheritance 1251
25.8 Multiple Inheritance and virtual Base Classes 1256
25.9 Wrap-Up 1260
A Operator Precedence and Associativity Chart 1266
A.1 Operator Precedence 1266
B ASCII Character Set 1269
C Fundamental Types 1270
D Number Systems 1272
D.1 Introduction 1273
D.2 Abbreviating Binary Numbers as Octal and Hexadecimal Numbers 1276
D.3 Converting Octal and Hexadecimal Numbers to Binary Numbers 1277
D.4 Converting from Binary, Octal or Hexadecimal to Decimal 1277
D.5 Converting from Decimal to Binary, Octal or Hexadecimal 1278
D.6 Negative Binary Numbers: Two’s Complement Notation 1280
E C Legacy Code Topics 1285
E.1 Introduction 1286
E.2 Redirecting Input/Output on UNIX/Linux/Mac OS X and Windows Systems 1286
E.3 Variable-Length Argument Lists 1287
E.4 Using Command-Line Arguments 1290
E.5 Notes on Compiling Multiple-Source-File Programs 1291
E.6 Program Termination with exit and atexit 1293
E.7 Type Qualifier volatile 1295
E.8 Suffixes for Integer and Floating-Point Constants 1295
E.9 Signal Handling 1295
E.10 Dynamic Memory Allocation with calloc and realloc 1298
E.11 Unconditional Branch: goto 1299
E.12 Unions 1300
E.13 Linkage Specifications 1303
E.14 Wrap-Up 1304
F Preprocessor 1311
F.1 Introduction 1312
F.2 The #include Preprocessor Directive 1312
F.3 The #define Preprocessor Directive: Symbolic Constants 1313
F.4 The #define Preprocessor Directive: Macros 1313
F.5 Conditional Compilation 1315
F.6 The #error and #pragma Preprocessor Directives 1316
F.7 Operators # and ## 1317
F.8 Predefined Symbolic Constants 1317
F.9 Assertions 1318
F.10 Wrap-Up 1318
G ATM Case Study Code 1323
G.1 ATM Case Study Implementation 1323
G.2 Class ATM 1324
G.3 Class Screen 1331
G.4 Class Keypad 1332
G.5 Class CashDispenser 1333
G.6 Class DepositSlot 1335
G.7 Class Account 1336
G.8 Class BankDatabase 1338
G.9 Class Transaction 1342
G.10 Class BalanceInquiry 1344
G.11 Class Withdrawal 1346
G.12 Class Deposit 1351
G.13 Test Program ATMCaseStudy.cpp 1354
G.14 Wrap-Up 1354
H UML 2: Additional Diagram Types 1355
H.1 Introduction 1355
H.2 Additional Diagram Types 1355
I Using the Visual Studio Debugger 1357
I.1 Introduction 1358
I.2 Breakpoints and the Continue Command 1358
I.3 Locals and Watch Windows 1363
I.4 Controlling ExecutionUsing the Step Into, Step Over, Step Out and Continue Commands 1366
I.5 Autos Window 1369
I.6 Wrap-Up 1370
J Using the GNU C++ Debugger 1373
J.1 Introduction 1374
J.2 Breakpoints and the run, stop, continue and print Commands 1374
J.3 print and set Commands 1381
J.4 Controlling Execution Using the step, finish and next Commands 1383
J.5 watch Command 1385
J.6 Wrap-Up 1387
Bibliography 1390
Index 1396