1 Introduction to Computers, the Internet and World Wide Web 1       1.1 Introduction  2 1.2 What Is a Computer?  3 1.3 Computer Organization  4 1.4 Early Operating Systems  5 1.5 Personal, Distributed and Client/Server Computing  5 1.6 The Internet and the World Wide Web  6 1.7 Machine Languages, Assembly Languages and High-Level Languages  6 1.8 History of C and C++  8 1.9 C++ Standard Library  8 1.1 History of Java  9 1.11 FORTRAN, COBOL, Pascal and Ada  10 1.12 Basic, Visual Basic, Visual C++, C# and .NET  11 1.13 Key Software Trend: Object Technology  11 1.14 Typical C++ Development Environment  12 1.15 Notes About C++ and Small C++ How to Program, 5/e  15 1.16 Test-Driving a C++ Application  16 1.17 Introduction to Object Technology and the UML  22 1.18 Wrap-Up  27 1.19 Web Resources  28 2 Introduction to C++ Programming  36 2.1 Introduction  37 2.2 First Program in C++: Printing a Line of Text  37 2.3 Modifying Our First C++ Program  41 2.4 Another C++ Program: Adding Integers  42 2.5 Memory Concepts  46 2.6 Arithmetic  48 2.7 Decision Making: Equality and Relational Operators  51 2.8 Wrap-Up  56 3 Introduction to Classes and Objects  65 3.1 Introduction  66 3.2 Classes, Objects, Member Functions and Data Members  66 3.3 Overview of the Chapter Examples  68 3.4 Defining a Class with a Member Function  68 3.5 Defining a Member Function with a Parameter  72 3.6 Data Members, set Functions and get Functions  75 3.7 Initializing Objects with Constructors  82 3.8 Placing a Class in a Separate File for Reusability  86 3.9 Separating Interface from Implementation  90 3.1 Validating Data with set Functions  96 3.11 Wrap-Up  101 4 Control Statements: Part 1  108 4.1 Introduction  109 4.2 Algorithms  109 4.3 Pseudocode  110 4.4 Control Structures  111 4.5 if Selection Statement  115 4.6 if else Double-Selection Statement  116 4.7 while Repetition Statement  121 4.8 Formulating Algorithms: Counter-Controlled Repetition  123 4.9 Formulating Algorithms: Sentinel-Controlled Repetition  129 4.1 Formulating Algorithms: Nested Control Statements  140 4.11 Assignment Operators  145 4.12 Increment and Decrement Operators  145 4.13 Wrap-Up  149 5 Control Statements: Part 2  164 5.1 Introduction  165 5.2 Essentials of Counter-Controlled Repetition  165 5.3 for Repetition Statement  167 5.4 Examples Using the for Statement  172 5.5 do while Repetition Statement  176 5.6 switch Multiple-Selection Statement  178 5.7 break and continue Statements  188 5.8 Logical Operators  190 5.9 Confusing Equality (==) and Assignment (=) Operators  195 5.1 Structured Programming Summary  196 5.11 Wrap-Up  201 6 Functions and an Introduction to Recursion  211 6.1 Introduction  212 6.2 Program Components in C++  213 6.3 Math Library Functions  214 6.4 Function Definitions with Multiple Parameters  216 6.5 Function Prototypes and Argument Coercion  221 6.6 C++ Standard Library Header Files  223 6.7 Case Study: Random Number Generation  225 6.8 Case Study: Game of Chance and Introducing enum  231 6.9 Storage Classes  235 6.1 Scope Rules  238 6.11 Function Call Stack and Activation Records  241 6.12 Functions with Empty Parameter Lists  245 6.13 Inline Functions  246 6.14 References and Reference Parameters  248 6.15 Default Arguments  253 6.16 Unary Scope Resolution Operator  255 6.17 Function Overloading  256 6.18 Function Templates  259 6.19 Recursion  261 6.2 Example Using Recursion: Fibonacci Series  265 6.21 Recursion vs. Iteration  268 6.22 Wrap-Up  271 7 Arrays and Vectors  292 7.1 Introduction  293 7.2 Arrays  294 7.3 Declaring Arrays  295 7.4 Examples Using Arrays  296 7.5 Passing Arrays to Functions  312 7.6 Case Study: Class GradeBook Using an Array to Store Grades  317 7.7 Searching Arrays with Linear Search  324 7.8 Sorting Arrays with Insertion Sort  325 7.9 Multidimensional Arrays  328 7.1 Case Study: Class GradeBook Using a Two-Dimensional Array  331 7.11 Introduction to C++ Standard Library Class Template vector  338 7.12 Wrap-Up  343 8 Pointers and Pointer-Based Strings  360 8.1 Introduction  361 8.2 Pointer Variable Declarations and Initialization  362 8.3 Pointer Operators  363 8.4 Passing Arguments to Functions by Reference with Pointers  366 8.5 Using const with Pointers  370 8.6 Selection Sort Using Pass-by-Reference  377 8.7 sizeof Operators  380 8.8 Pointer Expressions and Pointer Arithmetic  383 8.9 Relationship Between Pointers and Arrays  386 8.1 Arrays of Pointers  390 8.11 Case Study: Card Shuffling and Dealing Simulation  391 8.12 Function Pointers  397 8.13 Introduction to Pointer-Based String Processing  402 8.14 Wrap-Up  413 9 Classes: A Deeper Look, Part 1  439 9.1 Introduction  440 9.2 Time Class Case Study  441 9.3 Class Scope and Accessing Class Members  446 9.4 Separating Interface from Implementation  448 9.5 Access Functions and Utility Functions  450 9.6 Time Class Case Study: Constructors with Default Arguments  452 9.7 Destructors  458 9.8 When Constructors and Destructors Are Called  459 9.9 Time Class Case Study: Subtle Trap—Returning a Reference to a private Data Member  462 9.1 Default Memberwise Assignment  465 9.11 Software Reusability  467 9.12 Wrap-Up  468 10 Classes: A Deeper Look, Part 2  474 10.1 Introduction  475 10.2 const (Constant) Objects and const Member Functions  475 10.3 Composition: Objects as Members of Classes  485 10.4 friend Functions and friend Classes  492 10.5 Using the this Pointer  496 10.6 Dynamic Memory Management with Operators new and delete  501 10.7 static Class Members  503 10.8 Data Abstraction and Information Hiding  509 10.9 Container Classes and Iterators  512 10.1 Proxy Classes  513 10.11 Wrap-Up  516 11 Operator Overloading; String and Array Objects  522 11.1 Introduction  523 11.2 Fundamentals of Operator Overloading  524 11.3 Restrictions on Operator Overloading  525 11.4 Operator Functions as Class Members vs. Global Functions  527 11.5 Overloading Stream Insertion and Stream Extraction Operators  528 11.6 Overloading Unary Operators  532 11.7 Overloading Binary Operators  532 11.8 Case Study: Array Class  533 11.9 Converting between Types  545 11.1 Case Study: String Class  546 11.11 Overloading ++ and --  558 11.12 Case Study: A Date Class  560 11.13 Standard Library Class string  564 11.14 explicit Constructors  568 11.15 Wrap-Up  572 12 Object-Oriented Programming: Inheritance  584 12.1 Introduction  585 12.2 Base Classes and Derived Classes  586 12.3 protected Members  589 12.4 Relationship between Base Classes and Derived Classes  589 12.5 Constructors and Destructors in Derived Classes  621 12.6 public, protected and private Inheritance  629 12.7 Software Engineering with Inheritance  629 12.8 Wrap-Up  631 13 Object-Oriented Programming: Polymorphism  637 13.1 Introduction  638 13.2 Polymorphism Examples  640 13.3 Relationships Among Objects in an Inheritance Hierarchy  641 13.4 Type Fields and switch Statements  658 13.5 Abstract Classes and Pure virtual Functions  659 13.6 Case Study: Payroll System Using Polymorphism  661 13.7 (Optional) Polymorphism, Virtual Function and Dynamic Binding “Under the Hood”  679 13.8 Case Study: Payroll System Using Polymorphism and Run-Time Type Information with Downcasting, dynamic_cast, typeid and type_info  683 13.9 Virtual Destructors  686 13.1 Wrap-Up  687 A  Operator Precedence and Associativity Chart  692 A.1 Operator Precedence  692 B  ASCII Character Set  695 C  Fundamental Types  696 D  Number Systems  698 D.1 Introduction  699 D.2 Abbreviating Binary Numbers as Octal and Hexadecimal Numbers  702 D.3 Converting Octal and Hexadecimal Numbers to Bi­nary Numbers  703 D.4 Converting from Binary, Octal or Hexadecimal to Decimal  703 D.5 Converting from Decimal to Binary, Octal or Hexadecimal  704 D.6 Negative Binary Numbers: Two’s Complement Notation  706 E  C++ Internet and Web Resources  711 E.1 Resources  711 E.2 Tutorials  713 E.3 FAQs  713 E.4 Visual C++  713 E.5 Newsgroups  714 E.6 Compilers and Development Tools  714 F  Using the Visual Studio  .NET Debugger  715 F.1 Introduction  716 F.2 Breakpoints and the Continue Command  716 F.3 The Locals and Watch Windows  722 F.4 Controlling Execution Using the Step Into, Step Over, Step Out and Continue Commands  725 F.5 The Autos Window  728 F.6 Wrap-Up  729 G  Using the GNU  C++ Debugger  732 G.1 Introduction  733 G.2 Breakpoints and the run, stop, continue and print Commands  733 G.3 The print and set Commands  740 G.4 Controlling Execution Using the step, finish and next Commands  742 G.5 The watch Command  744 G.6 Wrap-Up  747 Bibliography 750 Index   752

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